If causal knowledge only comes from experiments or experience, then it just tells us how things happen, not how they have to be. But somehow, do-calculus and CTF-calculus manage to be pure reasoning, and still tell us what to expect in the real world.


Causal knowledge comes from a theoretical (causal) model of the world verified through experiments.


It’s not that exciting that practice verifies a thought. What’s exciting is having a thought that practice can verify. 💪


Very true! So that verifiable thought is actually two things: an abstraction and a definition of how that abstraction can be measured with a real-world instrument


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